Andre Geim
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Sir Andre Geim
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Geim in 2010
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| Born |
21 October 1958[1] |
| Nationality | Dutch and British |
| Alma mater | Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology |
| Known for |
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| Spouse(s) | Irina Grigorieva[7][8] |
| Awards |
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| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Condensed matter physics |
| Institutions | |
| Thesis | Investigation of mechanisms of transport relaxation in metals by a helicon resonance method (1987) |
| Doctoral advisor | Victor Petrashov[11][12] |
| Doctoral students | |
| Website | condmat |
Sir Andre Konstantin Geim FRS, HonFRSC, HonFInstP (Russian: Андре́й Константи́нович Гейм; born 21 October 1958) is a Russian-born Dutch-British physicist working in England in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester.[20]
Geim was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Konstantin Novoselov for his work on graphene.[21][22] He is Regius Professor of Physics and Royal Society Research Professor at the National Graphene Institute. Sir Andre Geim had also been awarded an Ig Nobel Prize earlier in 2000 for levitating a frog using its intrinsic magnetism. He is the only individual, as of 2020, to have received both Nobel and Ig Nobel prizes.
Education[edit]
Andre Geim was born to Konstantin Alekseyevich Geim and Nina Nikolayevna Bayer in Sochi, Russia, on 21 October 1958. Both his parents were engineers of German origin.[23][24] His grandfather N.N. Bayer (Mykola Baier in Ukrainian) was a notable public figure in Ukraine of the early 20th century, one of its first nature conservationists and the first rector of Kaminiets-Podilskyi University.[25]
In 1965, the family moved to Nalchik,[26] where he studied at a high school.[26] After graduation, he applied to the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute.[27] He took the entrance exams twice, but attributes his failure to qualify to discrimination on account of his German ethnicity.[23] He then applied to the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), where he was accepted.
He said that at the time he would not have chosen to study solid-state physics, preferring particle physics or astrophysics, but is now happy with his choice.[28] He received a diplom (MSc degree equivalent) from MIPT in 1982 and a Candidate of Sciences (PhD equivalent) degree in metal physics in 1987 from the Institute of Solid State Physics (ISSP) at the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) in Chernogolovka.[28][29]
Academic career[edit]
After earning his PhD with Victor Petrashov,[11] Geim worked as a research scientist at the Institute for Microelectronics Technology (IMT) at RAS, and from 1990 as a post-doctoral fellow at the universities of Nottingham (twice), Bath, and Copenhagen. He said that while at Nottingham he could spend his time on research rather than “swimming through Soviet treacle,”[23] and determined to leave the Soviet Union.[30]
He obtained his first tenured position in 1994, when he was appointed associate professor at Radboud University Nijmegen, where he worked on mesoscopic superconductivity.[31] He later gained Dutch citizenship. One of his doctoral students at Nijmegen was Konstantin Novoselov, who went on to become his main research partner. However, Geim has said that he had an unpleasant time during his academic career in the Netherlands.
He was offered professorships at Nijmegen and Eindhoven, but turned them down as he found the Dutch academic system too hierarchical and full of petty politicking. “This can be pretty unpleasant at times,” he says. “It’s not like the British system where every staff member is an equal quantity.”[30] On the other hand, Geim writes in his Nobel lecture that “the situation was a bit surreal because outside the university walls I received a warm-hearted welcome from everyone around, including Jan Kees and other academics.”[32] (Prof. Jan Kees Maan was the research boss of Geim during his time at Radboud University Nijmegen.)
In 2001 he became a professor of physics at the University of Manchester, and was appointed director of the Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology in 2002. Geim’s wife and long-standing co-author, Irina Grigorieva, also moved to Manchester as a lecturer in 2001. The same year, they were joined by Novoselov who moved to Manchester from Nijmegen, which awarded him a PhD in 2004. Geim served as Langworthy Professor between 2007 and 2013, leaving this endowed professorship to Novoselov in 2012.[29] Also, between 2007 and 2010 Geim was an EPSRC Senior Research Fellow before becoming one of Royal Society Research Professors.[29][33]
Geim holds many honorary professorships including those from Tsinghua University (China), Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (Russia), and Radboud University Nijmegen (Netherlands).[34]
Research[edit]
Graphene is an atomic-scale honeycomb lattice made of carbon atoms.
Geim’s achievements include the discovery of a simple method for isolating single atomic layers of graphite, known as graphene, in collaboration with researchers at the University of Manchester[35] and IMT. The team published their findings in October 2004 in Science.[36][37][38]
Graphene consists of one-atom-thick layers of carbon atoms arranged in two-dimensional hexagons,[39][40] and is the thinnest material in the world, as well as one of the strongest and hardest.[41] The material has many potential applications.
Geim said one of the first applications of graphene could be in the development of flexible touchscreens, and that he has not patented the material because he would need a specific application and an industrial partner.[42]
“Spider-Man test” of gecko tape[6]
Geim also developed a biomimetic adhesive which became known as gecko tape[6]—so called because it works on the same principle as adhesion of gecko feet—research of which is still in the early stages.[43] It is hoped that the development will eventually allow humans to scale ceilings, like Spider-Man.[44]
Geim’s research in 1997 into the possible effects of magnetism on water scaling led to the famous discovery of direct diamagnetic levitation of water, and led to a frog being levitated.[45] For this experiment, he and Michael Berry received the 2000 Ig Nobel Prize.[5] “We were asked first whether we dared to accept this prize, and I take pride in our sense of humor and self-deprecation that we did”.[23]
Geim has also carried out research on mesoscopic physics and superconductivity.[30][46]
He said of the range of subjects he has studied: “Many people choose a subject for their PhD and then continue the same subject until they retire. I despise this approach. I have changed my subject five times before I got my first tenured position and that helped me to learn different subjects.”[28] “When one dares to try, rewards are not guaranteed but at least it is an adventure.”[23]
Expanding the scope of his research adventures, Geim started studying low-dimensional water in 2012, after his Nobel-prize achievements. A part of this work was acknowledged by the 2018 International Creativity Prize for Water.[47]
He named his favourite hamster, H.A.M.S. ter Tisha, co-author in a 2001 research paper.[36][48]
Honours and awards[edit]
In 2006 he appeared on the Scientific American 50.[49] The Institute of Physics awarded him the 2007 Mott Medal and Prize “for his discovery of a new class of materials—free-standing two-dimensional crystals—in particular graphene”.[50] Geim was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2007.[51] His certificate of election reads:
Geim’s research is notable for its internationally-recognised quality, originality and breadth. He has recently discovered a conceptually new class of materials strictly two-dimensional atomic crystals, including graphene. This has opened up a prolific research area including a new paradigm of “relativistic-like condensed matter”, where relativistic quantum physics can be studied in a bench-top experiment. Previously, Geim pioneered ballistic Hall micromagnetometry and discovered a paramagnetic Meissner effect and new vortex physics in superconductors. He has also realised a microfabricated adhesive, based on the gecko’s climbing mechanism, now being exploited by DuPont, BAe and TESA. His experiments at Nijmegen on magnetic levitation attracted worldwide media attention and stimulated international research in this field. His earlier research on mesoscopic physics included studies of non-local and interaction phenomena, and of the quantum motion of electrons in periodic and random magnetic fields. He disseminates science to the public and schoolchildren through broadcasts and “roadshow” lectures.[51]
He shared the 2008 EPS Europhysics Prize with Novoselov “for discovering and isolating a single free-standing atomic layer of carbon (graphene) and elucidating its remarkable electronic properties”.[52] In 2009 he received the Körber European Science Award.[53] The US National Academy of Sciences honoured him with the 2010 John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science “for his experimental realisation and investigation of graphene, the two-dimensional form of carbon”.[54]
He was awarded one of six Royal Society 2010 Anniversary Research Professorships.[55] The Royal Society added its 2010 Hughes Medal “for his revolutionary discovery of graphene and elucidation of its remarkable properties”.[56] He was awarded honorary doctorates from Delft University of Technology,[57] ETH Zürich,[34] the University of Antwerp[58] and the University of Manchester. In 2010, Geim was appointed as Knight Commander of the Order of the Netherlands Lion for his contribution to Dutch Science.[10]
In 2011, Geim became a corresponding member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.[59] He is Honorary Professor of Moscow Phys-Tech, Honorary Professor of the University of Nijmegen, Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Physics (HonFInstP), Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (HonFRSC), Honorary Fellow of Singapore Institute of Physics, Honorary Professor of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.[60] Geim was furthermore made a Knight Bachelor in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to science.[61][62] He was elected a foreign associate of the US National Academy of Sciences in May 2012.[63] He was awarded the Copley Medal in 2013 and the Carbon Medal in 2016. Geim received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 2017.[64]
Nobel Prize in Physics[edit]
Peter Diamond, Dale T. Mortensen, Christopher A. Pissarides, Konstantin Novoselov, Andre Geim, Akira Suzuki, Ei-ichi Negishi, and Richard Heck, Nobel Prize Laureates 2010, at a press conference at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm.
On 5 October 2010, Geim was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Novoselov “for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene”.[65] Upon hearing of the award he said, “I’m fine, I slept well. I didn’t expect the Nobel Prize this year”, and that his plans for the day would not change.[66] The lecture for the award took place on 8 December 2010 at Stockholm University.[67] He said he hopes that graphene and other two-dimensional crystals will change everyday life as plastics did for humanity, although we need to wait for a few decades to see the results.[68]
Personal life[edit]
View and opinions[edit]
Geim was one of 38 Nobel laureates who signed a declaration in 2010 issued by Scholars for Peace in the Middle East condemning international attempts to boycott Israeli academics, institutions, and research centers.[69]
At the Nobel Minds symposium in December 2010, Geim said the Nobel Peace Prize committee’s choice of Chinese dissident, the imprisoned Liu Xiaobo, as winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, was patronising, saying
“Look at the people who give this Nobel prize. They are retired Norwegian politicians who have spent all their careers in a safe environment, in an oil-rich modern country. They try to extend their views of the world, how the world should work and how democracy works in another country. It’s very, very patronising— they have not lived in these countries. In the past 10 years, China has developed not only economically, but even the strongest human rights supporter would agree also human rights have improved. Why do we need to distort this?”[70][71]
Geim has written several opinion pieces for The Financial Times, examples of which can be found on his university webpage.[72]
In 2014, Geim’s interview for Desert Island Discs, a popular BBC radio programme, revealed details of his personal life and taste in music.[73]
A quote from Geim was deliberately doctored by the campaign group Vote Leave in the run-up to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. An open letter about science, signed by 13 Conservative MPs including Boris Johnson, attempted to paint European science funding as unnecessarily bureaucratic and deliberately misrepresented Geim’s views on Europe:
As the Nobel Prize winner Andre Geim said: ‘I can offer no nice words for the EU framework programmes [for research] which … can be praised only by Europhobes for discrediting the whole idea of an effectively working Europe.’
The ellipsis (…) present in the quotation from Geim’s Nobel lecture removed the words “except for the European Research Council“.[74]
Identity[edit]
Geim has a complex ancestry which is described in detail in his Nobel Prize autobiography.[23] In there, Geim has stated that most of his family are ethnic Germans where his father descended from Volga Germans and his mother was mostly an ethnic German as well. Both his father and paternal grandfather had spent many years of their lives as prisoners in Siberia in Stalin‘s Gulags, and “some of the family had been prisoners in German concentration camps”. He also states that he “suffered from anti-Semitism in Russia because my name sounds Jewish”.[75]
Geim summarises his identity as follows. “To the best of my knowledge, the only Jew in the family was my great-grandmother, with the rest on both sides being German. Having lived and worked in several European countries, I consider myself European and do not believe that any further taxonomy is necessary, especially in such a fluid world as the world of science.”[23][76]
Ig Nobel[edit]
Magnetically levitating a live frog, an experiment that earned Geim and Michael Berry the 2000 Ig Nobel Prize
Geim shared the 2000 Ig Nobel Prize in physics with Michael Berry for the frog experiment.[77] He received it for using the magnetic properties of water scaling to levitate a small frog with magnets.
Mark Miodownik said that his award shows that people can still win a Nobel by “mucking about in a lab”.[78] The award made him the first person to win, as an individual, both a Nobel Prize and an Ig Nobel Prize.[79] On winning both a Nobel and Ig Nobel, he has stated that
“Frankly, I value both my Ig Nobel prize and Nobel prize at the same level and for me Ig Nobel prize was the manifestation that I can take jokes, a little bit of self-deprecation always helps.”[11]