Supraesophageal ganglion
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The supraesophageal ganglion (also “supraoesophageal ganglion”, “arthropod brain” or “microbrain”[1]) is the first part of the arthropod and (especially) insect central nervous system. It receives and processes information from the first, second, and third metameres. The supraesophageal ganglion lies dorsal to the esophagus and consists of three parts, each a pair of ganglia that may be more or less pronounced, reduced, or fused depending on the genus:
Locust brain
- The protocerebrum, associated with the eyes (compound eyes and ocelli).[2] Directly associated with the eyes is the optic lobe, as the visual center of the brain.
- The deutocerebrum processes sensory information from the antennae.[2][3] It consists of two parts, the antennal lobe and the dorsal lobe.[3][4][5] The dorsal lobe also contains motor neurons which control the antennal muscles.[6] Chelicerata, with their missing antennae, have a very reduced (or absent) deutocerebrum.
- The tritocerebrum integrates sensory inputs from the previous two pairs of ganglia.[2] The lobes of the tritocerebrum split to circumvent the esophagus and begin the subesophageal ganglion.
Supraesophageal ganglion (5), Subesophageal ganglion (31)
The subesophageal ganglion continues the nervous system and lies ventral to the esophagus. Finally, the segmental ganglia of the ventral nerve cord are found in each body segment as a fused ganglion; they provide the segments with some autonomous control.
References[edit]
- ^ Makoto Mizunami, Fumio Yokohari, Masakazu Takahata (1999). “Exploration into the Adaptive Design of the Arthropod “Microbrain““. Zoological Science. 16 (5): 703–709. doi:10.2108/zsj.16.703.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Meyer, John R. “The Nervous System”. General Entomology course at North Carolina State University. Department of Entomology NC State University. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Homberg, U; Christensen, T A; Hildebrand, J G (1989). “Structure and Function of the Deutocerebrum in Insects”. Annual Review of Entomology. 34: 477–501. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.002401. PMID 2648971.
- ^ “Invertebrate Brain Platform”. RIKEN BSI Neuroinformatics Japan Center.
- ^ “Deutocerebrum”. Flybrain.
- ^ “Deutocerebrum”. Invertebrate Brain Platform.